Facts and Characteristics of the Caspian Tiger

Realities and Characteristics of the Caspian Tiger One of three subspecies of Eurasian tiger to go wiped out inside the only remaining century, the other two are the Bali Tiger and the Javan Tiger, the Caspian Tiger once wandered enormous areas of domain in focal Asia, including Iran, Turkey, the Caucasus, and the - stan regions flanking Russia (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and so forth.). A particularly hearty individual from the Panthera tigris family, the biggest guys moved toward 500 pounds, the Caspian Tiger was pursued pitilessly during the late nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years, particularly by the Russian government, which put an abundance on this brute in a blundering exertion to recover farmlands circumscribing the Caspian Sea. For what reason Did the Caspian Tiger Go Extinct? There are a couple of reasons, other than tireless chasing, why the Caspian Tiger went wiped out. Initially, human development infringed cruelly on the Caspian Tigers living space, changing over its properties into cotton fields and in any event, circling streets and parkways through it delicate natural surroundings. Second, the Caspian Tiger capitulated to the steady annihilation of its preferred prey, wild pigs, which were additionally pursued by people, just as falling prey to different sicknesses and dying in floods and timberland fires (which developed progressively visit with changes in nature). What's more, third, the Caspian Tiger was at that point basically on the verge, limited to such a little scope of region, in such decreasing numbers, that for all intents and purposes any change would have tipped it unyieldingly toward elimination. An odd aspect concerning the eradication of the Caspian Tiger is that it happened actually while the world was viewing: different people were pursued kicked the bucket and were recorded by naturalists, by the news media, and by the trackers themselves, over the span of the mid twentieth century. The rundown makes for discouraging perusing: Mosul, in what is currently the nation of Iraq, in 1887; the Caucasus Mountains, in the south of Russia, in 1922; Irans Golestan Province in 1953 (after which, past the point of no return, Iran made chasing the Caspian Tiger illicit); Turkmenistan, a Soviet republic, in 1954; and a modest community in Turkey as late as 1970 (in spite of the fact that this last locating is ineffectively reported). Affirmed Sightings In spite of the fact that its generally viewed as a wiped out species, there have been various, unverified sightings of the Caspian Tiger in the course of recent decades. All the more enthusiastically, hereditary examination has indicated that the Caspian Tiger may have veered from a populace of (still surviving) Siberian Tigers as of late as 100 years back and that these two tiger subspecies may even have been indeed the very same creature. On the off chance that this ends up being the situation, it might be conceivable to revive the Caspian Tiger by as basic a catalyst as re-acquainting the Siberian Tiger with its once-local terrains of focal Asia, an undertaking that has been declared (however not yet completely actualized) by Russia and Iran, and which falls under the general classification of de-termination.

Topics in Physical Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Subjects in Physical Chemistry - Essay Example The comprehension of concoction harmony has additionally progressed by various research concentrates subsequently bringing new information. Through investigation of various examinations on the theme, this paper presents flow concentrate from peer evaluated diaries and how research advance the investigations in synthetic harmony and its application. The utilization of PC recreations in the investigation of basic and long chain substance responses has likewise beenexplored. At last, the paper investigates the law of thermodynamics and how it applies to synthetic harmony. Presentation Chemical responses include reactants and interfacing under specific conditions to deliver an item. It alludes to the way toward changing a lot of synthetic mixes or substances to another or others with entirely unexpected personalities. It includes the progressions of the situation of electrons with respect to development or breaking of the bonds while the first components consistently continue as before. Since there is no adjustment in the first components present, a concoction response can generally be spoken to by a condition. Reagents or reactants are the underlying substances that take an interest in a concoction response in this way during a synthetic response, there is constantly a change. This is on the grounds that the new items show various properties. New items may have contrasts with respect to physical, organic or compound properties relying upon the idea of concoction response. Synthetic response condition must have the beginning materials (reactants), conditions for response, middle of the road items lastly the finished results. In any case, there are sure synthetic responses that are basic and don't have to go through the halfway item so as to get to the last item. In a substance condition, we may have two unique sorts of synthetic response also. Compound response that happens as indicated by focus and temperature at a particular rate is called non unconstrained while one that require no different conditions aside from warm vitality is known as unconstrained. This rule shapes the premise of ascertaining the pace of response just as overseeing it. In this regard, non unconstrained response is extremely moderate and along these lines requires an extra vitality or impetus to expand its rate. Goal of the Study The target of this investigation is to investigate distinctive writing and investigate the present examinations in compound harmony. This paper targets investigating concentrates in scholarly diaries principally concentrating on harmony steady and its application in various ventures. Substance Reaction Chemical responses can be very much represented by concoction conditions. Substance conditions comprise of at least two reactants on the left side and the resultant results of that specific response on the correct side. A bolt at the center of the condition consistently speaks to the course of response which can be either to one side or to one s ide contingent upon the conditions. It is in this manner essential to take note of that most synthetic responses are reversible responses. This is regularly spoken to by a twofold bolt which focuses on the two sides. The significance of this is items can likewise deliver reactants relying upon the focuses and certain conditions. aA + bB cC + dD Irreversible responses aA + bB cC + dD Reversible responses The above conditions shows the fundamental standard of a concoction response where An and B substances respond to deliver C and D substances. Be that as it may, a, b, c and d

20 Great Essay Collections from 2017

20 Great Essay Collections from 2017 Essay collections are perfect for filling bits of time when you need something to read but dont want to settle into anything long. I am almost always in the middle of a collection, and it doesnt matter in the least if I take a long time to finish it. They are perfect for dipping into, for trying out, for reading at whim. 2017 is a great year for essays. The 20 collections featured below give you a taste of the kind of material available: there are books about what its like to live in Trumps America, about being a woman today, about living in the age of Black Lives Matter. You will also find collections about art and literature and about the ups and downs of everyday life. Some collections contain all of the above. The richness and variety of essays available today is overwhelming, in the best possible way. So check out this list of 20 of the years best collections and see if something catches your interest. Caca Dolce: Essays from a Lowbrow Life by Chelsea Martin These essays chart Chelsea Martins life from her girlhood into her early adult years. They are personal, revealing, funny, and wince-inducing all at once. Martin grew up poor in a poor California town, and here she lays it all out: her struggles with family, love, sex, money, illness, and more. This is a quick read, and one that will stay with you. Nasty Women: Feminism, Resistance, and Revolution in Trumps America, edited by Samhita Mukhopadhyay and Kate Harding Rebecca Solnit, Cheryl Strayed, Samantha Irby, Katha Pollitt, and Nicole Chung are among the 23 women writers in this collection about living in Trumps America. This is an essential book for those who want to think about how our country ended up where it is and how we move forward. Would Everybody Please Stop: Reflections on Life and other bad ideas by Jenny Allen Here you will find 35 short pieces by a humor writer and performer who can bring out the comedy of everyday life. Allen mixes comedic pieces with more serious essays on illness, motherhood, and single life after decades of being in a relationship. This is a book for when you want to laugh and then sigh with rueful recognition. Policing the Black Man: Arrest, Prosecution, and Imprisonment Edited by Angela J. Davis Authors included in this anthology are Bryan Stevenson, Sherrilyn Ifill, Jeremy Travis, and more. Its a look at issues surrounding the Black Lives Matter movement and the ways the criminal justice system affects black boys and men. Its one of a large group of books out this year that help explain the impact of racism on black Americans and on the culture at large. We Are Never Meeting in Real Life by Samantha Irby Irby’s previous essay collection Meaty was hilarious. Here is her follow-up, with more of what she is so good at: comic personal essays on the trials and tribulations of contemporary life. The essays will move you and entertain you both. The Hidden Machinery: essays on Writing by Margo Livesey This collection is for writers and those who like to read about books and writing. Its part a study of literature, part writing class, and part memoir. You can read Liveseys thoughts on Flaubert and Austen and learn her thoughts on how to create characters and how to write dialogue. Livesey is a beloved writing teacher sharing the wisdom gained by years of teaching. The Wrong Way to Save Your life: Essays by Megan Stielstra Here you will find personal essays that cover a range of topics: motherhood, education, art, academia, the internet, and more. Its personal, smart, moving, and funny, the kind of book that will make you think and feel both, and where the writer feels like shes keeping you company while you read. Too Fat, Too Slutty, Too Loud: The Rise and Reign of the Unruly Woman By Anne Helen Peterson In a similar vein as Sady Doyles great 2016 book Trainwreck, this collection looks at women in the public eye. Analyzing figures such as Lena Dunham, Nicki Minaj, and Kim Kardashian, Peterson discusses why we love to hate these powerful, controversial women and what our obsession with celebrity tells us about who we are. Guidebook to Relative Strangers: Journeys Into Race, Motherhood, and History by Camille T. Dungy Camille Dungy covers a broad range of topics: traveling as a mother, working in the literary world as a woman of color, hiking, visiting slave-trading ports in Ghana, watching her daughter learn language. In every essay, Dungy is incisive and revealing, both of her own experience and of the state of the world as she sees it. Browse: The World in Bookshops Edited by Henry Hitchings This one is for bookshop lovers and those who love to read about books (as I do!). Here you will find 15 essays on the significance, function, pleasures, and possibilities of bookstores from around the world. Contributors include Alaa Al Aswany, Michael Dirda, Yiyun Li, Elif Shafak, Ali Smith, and more. We Were Eight Years in POwer by Ta-Nehisi Coates A new book by Ta-Nehisi Coates is always an exciting event, and here he is writing about the Obama years. This collection contains work that appeared in magazines to great acclaim and much discussion such as Fear of a Black President, and The Case for Reparations. It contains eight new essays as well, each of which covers a year of the Obama administration. They Cant Kill Us Until They Kill Us by Hanif Willis-Abdurraqib These are essays about music, but also about culture, race, and life in America today. Willis-Abdurraqib writes about attending a Bruce Springsteen concert the day after visiting Michael Browns grave, what it was like growing up in America in the 1990s, the first time he was thrown on the ground by police officers, and much more. The Origin of Others by Toni Morrison These essays began as lectures. They cover history, politics, and literature, including an examination of authors such as Harriet Beecher Stowe, William Faulkner, and Flannery OConnor. Any book by Toni Morrison is an essential one, and here she delivers the incisive observations about race and American culture we have come to expect from her. Sunshine State by Sarah Gerard Like many on this list, Sarah Gerards collection has a lot to tell us about America. She focuses on Florida and from there moves into the personal, and into politics, the economy, and the environment. The essays are a mix of reporting, memoir, and cultural critique. Somebody with a little hammer: Essays by Mary Gaitskill Mary Gaitskill is known for her novels Veronica, Two Girls Fat and Thin, and others, and now we have her first essay collection. These pieces were written over the course of a couple decades and cover a range of topics including books and authors; musicians, artists, and celebrities; and cultural and political movements and debates. Bitch Doctrine: Essays for Dissenting Adults by Laurie Penny Heres a collection for anyone who wants to read a series of smart, provocative essays on feminism today, including subjects such as the 2016 election, online harassment, being a woman writer, transgender rights, and more. Laurie Penny makes a fiercely intelligent companion in our quest to understand feminism and contemporary culture. Women Writing Resistance: Essays on Latin America and the Caribbean Edited by Jennifer Browdy This collection contains the work of 16 writers including Julia Alvarez, Edwidge Danticat, Jamaica Kincaid, Gloria Anzaldua, and more. It contains both poetry and essays on the topic of resistance: how women can collaborate across race and class boundaries to fight patriarchy and white supremacy. Too Much and Not the MOod by Durga Chew-Bose Full of examples of what gets called the lyric essay, this book is varied in subject matter and beautifully written. It opens with a long essay called Heart Museum that takes us into Chew-Boses life and around the world, and from there moves to shorter essays on family, identity, race, and culture. Everwhere Home: A Life in Essays by Fenton Johnson Fenton Johnsons subjects include sexuality, religion, art, basketball, and more. The essays are also about travel: he wanders from Kentucky to San Francisco to Paris to Calcutta. Its a collection of pieces that appeared in places like Harpers as well as new work. One Day Well All Be Dead and None of This Will matter by Scaachi Koul If you’re in the mood for some humorous essays, this is the book for you: a debut collection that touches on race and culture, gender roles, parents, the internet, and more. She will make you laugh as she tells personal stories and analyzes what its like to grow up shaped by two cultures, Western (Canadian) and Indian.

The Declaration Of Human Rights - 2066 Words

When a lot of people are murdered, kidnapped, robbed or imprisoned, it is very easy to point fingers when citizens are asked why their lives are the way they are. In Venezuela, all of these things happen, and everyone has the same answer when they are asked that question: â€Å"Thanks to the government†. According to a Washington Post article published in 2009, there are about 40 political prisoners in Venezuela. These prisoners vary from students who protested in marches to mid-aged men who criticized the government of Hugo Chavez. But they all have one thing in common, they wanted a change. They spoke their opinions, and were punished for it. Physically punished. According to a Reuters article â€Å"The Committee Against Torture said complaints included reports of beatings, burnings and electric shocks in efforts to obtain confessions†. In Venezuela, there are many different violations of the 30 articles addressed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. But I w ill specifically address Article 3: â€Å"Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person†. Article 5: â€Å"No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment†. And Article 9: â€Å"No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile†. I will address the unfair imprisonment of Leopoldo Lopez, a candidate for president who went to jail for â€Å"disrupting the peace† and the unfair imprisonment of my friend Marco Coello, who was put in jail and was tortured forShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of Human Rights1219 Words   |  5 Pagescondition of current times. The universal declaration of human rights is an international document that states basic rights and fundamental freedoms to which all human beings are entitled (Commission, n.d.). As it is not a treaty, the declaration of human rights is not legally binding but rather used as an outline for UN nations to create just laws. Aust ralia was one of the original nations working on the declaration in 1945 and has continued supporting the declaration to this date. The Dangerous PrisonersRead MoreThe Declaration Of Human Rights1033 Words   |  5 PagesThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights which consist of 30 articles; these are often violated. These are 30 articles outline the basic human rights which should be granted to every person. Each of these articles is crucial to basic humanity, however, I believe that there are three articles which are more than essential. The rest of the articles are dependent on these three articles to be able to be effectively applied. Presently, human rights are described as rights which every human should be grantedRead MoreThe Declaration Of Human Rights1590 Words   |  7 PagesA human right is a right that is believed to justifiably belong to every person. A violation of these rights can result in punishment for your violation from the United Nations. After their Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, a premise was now set about what was considered a violation of human rights, and anyone could be tried in official court. This document was created after the atrocities involving World War II and the Holocaust, in an attempt to stop events like genocide and ethnicRead MoreThe Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1809 Words   |  8 Pagesthe right to pass their nationality onto their children. The fact that Lebanon, one of the most progressive countries in the Middle East, and the one that most respects women’s rights, is one of the 27 countries in the world that deny women this specific right is ast ounding and hypocritical. While women in developed countries pass their nationality to their children with no issues what so ever, the women in Lebanon are denied this right which is a clear violation of the Universal Declaration of HumanRead MoreThe Declaration Of Human Rights1892 Words   |  8 PagesHuman rights are qualities that every human is entitled to, no matter their race, nationality, sexuality, place of residents, national or ethnic origin, skin colour, language or any other status. Everyone is equally entitled to these rights and should be afforded them in the absence of discrimination. These rights are indivisible and can be interdependent or interrelated. The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization that s purpose is to protect the rights of people from all aroundRead MoreThe, Universal Declaration Of Human Rights980 Words   |  4 Pagesto ensuring universal rights. In 1948, the â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights† was adopted with the intention of protecting and ensuring human rights, which had become a prominent issue among the international community following the bloodiest war in human history. While the â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights† was undoubtedly crafted with good intentions, many contradictions exist within it’s written word. A dilemma occurs when one realizes civil and political rights (including protectionRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1728 Words   |  7 Pagespeople. Culture can impede progress and leave women, minorities and other sub-sects of a society without the basic human rights that they deserve. Clinging too close to culture can be dangerous. The Foundations of a Universal Declaration The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was drafted shortly after the United Nations was established in 1945. The aim of the Declaration was to ensure that an atrocity such as the mass killings of Jews and other minorities in Nazi Germany would never happenRead MoreThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights1131 Words   |  5 PagesHuman rights are moral principles that set out specific standards of human behavior, and are normally ensured as lawful rights in both national and global law. They are acknowledged to be inalienable, since anybody is characteristically qualified for it essentially on the grounds that they are individuals. Whatever our nationality, sex, shade, religion, dialect, or ethnic source is, we are all just as qualified for our rights without separation or discrimination. All human rights are resolute andRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pages The Universal Declaration of Human rights was adopted in the UN gene ral assembly by the 10th December 1948. This is the first time that the world recognized that everyone had the right to enjoy freedom of speech, freedom of religion and freedom from fear and want, and many other rights. International human rights come along way; before there was no rights. The idea of having rights that led to the development of international human rights takes time. There are benchmarks developments in internationalRead MoreHuman Rights And The Declaration Of Independence942 Words   |  4 PagesWhen an individual is born, they are automatically given human rights. Human rights are rights that are entitled to every human regardless of sex, race, ethnic origin, or status. Within our Nation, the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were very important documents that changed how we lived. These documents were established on the foundation of human rights because of how essential every man was in the country. Human rights play a major role within our life but not everyone is aware

Juvenile Delinquency And Its Impact On Society - 1894 Words

Juvenile Delinquency has been a major issue challenging various law enforcement professionals and sociology researchers around the world. Acts of delinquency committed by the juvenile sector particularly disrupts the social order of an egalitarian society where individual freedom is a primary societal goal. The bringing up of juveniles on the right social path requires the effort of the overall society, local community, and the family. There have been many efforts made in the U.S. to control juvenile delinquency. Some of those efforts have been reactive while others have been proactive attempts to take in account the root cause of delinquent behavior. This proposal is a template of how societies need to approach the overall issue of juvenile delinquency via a better understanding of the underlying sociological and psychological issues involved. Keywords: Juvenile, delinquency, sociological, pyschological Introduction As the world in general changes, the socialization of young adults and minors is taking a different dimension. Lifestyles in the modern world are being dictated evermore by economic forces. Often the forces of poverty, poor upbringing, lack of role models, parental negligence, stress, depression and poor education systems drive a negative mindset in today’s young generations. There are also the usual conflicts, such as the desire to transition from the family structure to an independent, self-reliant young adult. The frustrations of not attainingShow MoreRelatedMoral Panics1609 Words   |  7 Pages (Length: 2 000 words) Societies tend to view the youth as the future and hope of a nation. To a certain extent, societies observe the behaviours and potential of the young people to ‘estimate’ the political and socio-economic future of a nation. When there is what societies view as a deviance from the norm when in it comes to young people – often there is what is viewed as a ‘moral panic’. I will be looking at the ‘moral panic’ of youth crime or juvenile delinquency, the role of its ‘moral entrepreneurs’Read MoreEnvironmental Factors Of Juvenile Delinquency988 Words   |  4 PagesKnowing this, what environmental factors cause juvenile delinquency? â€Å"Each year, approximately 1.5 million adolescents are arrested in the United States, most are repeat offenders, and, in 2008 one in eight violent crimes was attributed to juveniles† (Leverso, Bielby, Hoelter, 2015, p 1). Understanding the environmental causes of juvenile delinquency allows society to better protect children from becoming offenders. This then can reduce the number of juvenile delinquents in the United States. Key wordsRead MoreJuvenile Crime Paper1080 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile Crime Paper Malina Wiese CJS/200 December 9,2012 Juvenile Crime Paper Juvenile Court is a tribunal having special authority to try and pass judgments for crimes committed by children or adolescents who have not attained the age of maturity, generally defined as persons under the age of 18 and above the age of 10. Adult Court is a court of law where adults can be tried, and if convicted, face adult punishment such as probation, adult prison, or even the death penalty. Juvenile casesRead MoreSocial And Social Learning Theory1553 Words   |  7 Pageslearned through associations with others who commit crimes. Juveniles are very impressionable or gullible, wherein they want to be popular or part of the in-crowd or clique. In comparison to the 1970’s versus today, juveniles are emulating criminals depicted on television not just through associations. Consider the current state of technology, specifically the internet and websites such as â€Å"You Tube.† With respect to crime and juvenile delinquents, You Tube is and can be a negative influence. InRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency and the Criminal Justice System1423 Words   |  6 PagesThere are so many issues facing our society today, especially in the criminal justice system. Within the criminal justice system, juvenile delinquency is an issue that I find the most overlooked and it is a problem that is growing, particularly in the poorer areas. The term juvenile delinquency refers to th e antisocial or criminal activity under the age of 18 which violates the law. Everyone is affected by juvenile crime, parents, teachers, families and neighbors. It is essential that programs areRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Juvenile Delinquency1322 Words   |  6 PagesVersion). Juvenile crime, in law, term denoting various offense committed by children or youth under the age of 18. U.S. official crime reported that in the mid-1900’s â€Å"about one-fifth of all persons arrested for crimes were under the age of 18† (Funk Wagnalls, 2014). Such acts are sometimes referred to as juvenile delinquency (Funk Wagnalls, 2014. Offering constructive programs reduces juvenile delinquency and reduces recidivism. â€Å"From the beginning, the principal consideration of the juvenile courtsRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : The Common Poor Parenting, Socioeconomic Status And Peer Pressure Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile delinquency is one of the most complex, interesting and challenging phenomena in Trinidad and Tobago. In recent years there have been a high proportion of juvenile males being arrested and remanded at the nation’s youth facilities. In 2013, 106 young males were sent to the Youth Training Centre (YTC), for various offences, (Ministry of Justice, 2013). Among these, 25% were arrested for murder, 16% for possession of drugs, 14% for robbery, 3% for breaching of school rules and 6% were beyondRead MoreTheories of Juvenile Delinquency703 Words   |  3 PagesTheories of Juvenile Delinquency Juvenile delinquency is a threat to society and accordingly, the need to develop an understanding of the deviant behavior is of an utmost importance. There are several theories that explain delinquency and collectively, they provide a greater understanding for administrators and policy makers that are essential in developing programs and treatments that reduce juvenile delinquency and minimize its impact on our societies. This paper will discuss two prominent theoriesRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : Factors That Lead Youth1458 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile Delinquency: Factors that lead youth to delinquency It has long been a problem why some children steal, damage properties and not others. Many researches have been done to know the main factor that lead youth to delinquency, and it has been learned that there is no single path to delinquency. Although much of the research on factors that youth face has focused on predicting serious and violent offenses. Many people wonder about the factors that lead youth to commit delinquency. There areRead MoreThe General Strain Theory And Juvenile Delinquency1715 Words   |  7 Pagescriminal behaviors. The theory has been of importance in trying to map criminal patterns among individuals involved in criminal behavior, thereby creating a platform for their rehabilitation. The general strain theory has had a close connection to juvenile delinquency, as it creates a platform where psychologists can define some of the key factors prompting teenagers and youths to engage in criminal behaviors. According to Zhang (2008), teenagers and youths tend to b ecome highly vulnerable to lack of emotional

Marketing Plan for Compost in Nepal Free Essays

string(139) " as well are free from different taxes helping us to operate at optimal level bringing about profit which is to be reinvested in the same\." INTERNATIONAL AMERICAN UNIVERSITY PRESIDENTIAL BUSINESS SCHOOL Buddhanagar, Kathmandu A Report on Marketing Plan of Nepal Recycling Company Ltd. In partial fulfillment of the MBA IInd semester project submission requirement Submitted to : Submitted by : Mr. Sujan Raja ShresthaAshim Shrestha Lecturer, Marketing Management Gyanman Bade Niranjan P. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan for Compost in Nepal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bajracharya Sangeeta Ghale Shreya Joshi As on 21 March 20, 2013 Table of Contents I. Executive Summary A. Summary of situation analysis B. Summary of marketing objectives C. Summary of marketing strategies D. Budget summary II. Situation Analysis A. The Industry 1. History of the industry III. Executive Summary Summary of Situational Analysis In developed countries, the main motivations for waste reduction are frequently related to legislation, environmental protection, the scarcity of sites for landfills, and the risks associated with toxic materials. The same considerations apply in developing countries to large metropolitan areas that are subject to many economic and environmental pressures. Urban centres which do not have effective collection and disposal systems should not devote resources to developing waste reduction measures until adequate waste management systems are in place. For this, or other reasons, solid waste managers in developing countries tend to pay little attention to the issue of reducing organic wastes which make up from 50 per cent to 90 per cent of the total waste generated. Management of solid waste is a growing concern in Nepal as urban population densities increase and flat usable land is in short supply. Although small urban centres were declared to be municipalities2, they suffer from a lack of infrastructural and technical resources to tackle the problem of waste management. With increasing public awareness about good health and a clean environment, solid waste management has now come to the top of the priorities of the municipalities in Nepal. When the environmental impacts of proposed landfills are being investigated, it is often found that residents refuse to accept landfill sites near their homes and local leaders from various political parties are often involved in protests against proposed landfill locations. Though the Local Self Governance Act of 1999 has empowered municipalities to take every necessary action at the local level, the absence of elected representatives3 since 1998 has been causing difficulties in its implementation. Even though collection systems are still not in place, most of the municipalities are expressing their desire to develop final disposal systems. They are also promoting waste reduction, reuse and recycling among local communities. Some of the 58 municipalities in various parts of the country are providing effective house-to-house waste collection services and some are making good progress towards final disposal. For this review, communities and private sector service providers have been selected according to their present performance in waste reduction. Priority is given to those community-based organizations (CBOs) and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that are playing effective roles in waste reduction at source, collection, processing and recycling. Table 1 provides details of the regions and municipalities in Nepal. Where do we stand ? Nepal Recycling Company’s area of business will be to collect, recycle/compost, and market waste from municipality waste processing plants for use use as a consumer good. This recycled product will meet two critical needs: 1. It will help people to better manage their organic wastes. 2. It will give municipalities a feasible and cost effective alternative to landfilling the waste, and 3. It will help meet the growing demand for organic soil enhancers and fertilizers. The material that will be recycled is human waste sludge. Our recycled waste will be targeted toward fertilizer manufacturers, nurseries, landscapers, farmers, government agencies, golf courses, and others. All of these potential customers will benefit from the compost’s numerous soil enhancing characteristics. Landfills are filling up and costs of disposal are rising. Also there are a lot of problem in managing human sludge. This is a unique and viable concept that addresses the needs of various customers and reaches an  untapped market with tremendous growth potential. One of the most attractive aspects is that the business is projected to attain a strong cash position and achieve profitability in the third year of operation. Due to a large need for these products and services, and a lack of direct competition, our projection of quick profitability is attainable. Research will be an ongoing process for the company; one particular area of interest is the possibility of qualifying the product as a fertilizer. In this case, the profitability of the product would nearly double A. Summary of marketing objectives Specific: Our goal of the company is to initially promote recycled product as for now â€Å"compost † to the customers bringing about awareness about the use of recycled product in focus the compost against the use of chemical fertilizers. We are to capture the market of the compost industry within the next two years by providing high quality organic composts at the rate lower or equal to the local rate but cheaper than the chemical fertilizers. We aim to sell our products to large segments : local farmers, industrial farmers, golf course and ultimately export the products. We aim at slow ascend in the profit curve rather than a rapid one. Measurable: We aim to take 20% of the market share within the first year and slowly increase to 30%. With the availability of input using human sludge and other organic waste, we are less in operating cost that merits us to sell our product at low cost. We are in collaboration with the government so we don’t have to incur any of the business taxes as the industry is currently targeted to social welfare with a little amount of profit. Achievable: We ensure to possess the latest recycling plant and quality assurance team in the industry. We also have the best marketing professionals to increase our sale. We currently are running our industry with the support of government assistance as well as different NGO working for the environment welfare, so we have sufficient funds as well are free from different taxes helping us to operate at optimal level bringing about profit which is to be reinvested in the same. You read "Marketing Plan for Compost in Nepal" in category "Papers" Also our customers, as Nepal being an agricultural country , we have easy customers. The only thing our marketing team has to do is to aware the customers about the use of compost and its advantages against the other chemical fertilizers. We are also in collaboration with government and other NGOs that are working for the environement and the development of the agriculture segment in the country. Summary of marketing strategies. Nepal Recycling company aims to provide composts to customers at a price far way cheaper than the chemical fertilizers being sold in the local market. Mission Nepal Recycling company’s mission is to provide the highest quality composts . WE exist to attract and maintain local farmers and agro-industrialist. When we attain the most of the market share, we tend to move towards profit maximization and go towards globalization of our product through brand. Marketing Objectives * Improve the local farmers perception on compost uses and its advantages * Increase the amount of compost market share in the country * Maintain a slow ascend profit margin * To educate the country about waste management and the advantages of organic wastes Target Markets * Local farmers * fertilizer manufacturers * nurseries * landscapers * government agencies * golf courses Marketing Mix Nepal Recycling Company is comprised of the following approaches to pricing. ,distribution, advertising and promotion and customer services. * Pricing : The cheapest high quality compost in comparison to other chemical fertilizers * Distribution: The products will be manufactured in the recycling plant while the selling will be done with the help of agriculture retailers and government aids. * Advertising and promotion: We will require advertisements , sales promotions and government references to local farmers through different agricultural banks and NGOS working for the welfare of the agriculture. Customer Service: The customer service in the context of our product will be to educate people different information regarding the use of composts against the chemical fertilizers . And also educate about different agriculture information II Situational Analysis The Recycling Industry 1. History Recycling has been a common practice for most of human history, with recorded ad vocates as far back as Plato in 400  BC. During periods when resources were scarce, archaeological studies of ancient waste dumps show less household waste (such as ash, broken tools and pottery)—implying more waste was being recycled in the absence of new material. In pre-industrial times, there is evidence of scrap bronze and other metals being collected in Europe and melted down for perpetual reuse. [4] In Britain dust and ash from wood and coal fires was collected by ‘dustmen’ and downcycled as a base material used in brick making. The main driver for these types of recycling was the economic advantage of obtaining recycled feedstock instead of acquiring virgin material, as well as a lack of public waste removal in ever more densely populated areas. In 1813, Benjamin Law developed the process of turning rags into ‘shoddy’ and ‘mungo’ wool in Batley, Yorkshire. This material combined recycled fibres with virgin wool. The West Yorkshire shoddy industry in towns such as Batley and Dewsbury, lasted from the early 19th century to at least 1914. Industrialization spurred demand for affordable materials; aside from rags, ferrous scrap metals were coveted as they were cheaper to acquire than was virgin ore. Railroads both purchased and sold scrap metal in the 19th century, and the growing steel and automobile industries purchased scrap in the early 20th century. Many secondary goods were collected, processed, and sold by peddlers who combed dumps, city streets, and went door to door looking for discarded machinery, pots, pans, and other sources of metal. By World War I, thousands of such peddlers roamed the streets of American cities, taking advantage of market forces to recycle post-consumer materials back into industrial production. [5] Beverage bottles were recycled with a refundable deposit at some drink manufacturers in Great Britain and Ireland around 1800, notably Schweppes. An official recycling system with refundable deposits was established in Sweden for bottles in 1884 and aluminium beverage cans in 1982, by law, leading to a recycling rate for beverage containers of 84–99 percent depending on type, and average use of a glass bottle is over 20 refills. (The above mentioned details are abstract from wikipedia. com ) Current Scenario Some people dump their organic wastes into farm so that they get some fertilizers for their agriculture. While the papers, plastics are burnt and metal scraps are stored. But people have started selling the papers ,glass , plastics and metal scraps to the people coming to house doors collecting for it. The so called â€Å"khaali sisi bottle wallas† pay a small amount for the wastes they take in. They collect wastes in huge quantity and are exported to India where they get recycled and new products are produced in turn and sold to Nepal again in expensive prices. As population is soring up in the urban areas with the amount of human sludge and other wastes such as papers, glass, plastics and metal scraps. As the area for land fills are being filled up and there are no more places . The human sludge is directly dumped into rivers and ponds. The organic wastes from homes are also located into nearby open places. The country has not moved towards the concept of recycling and very few companies are into the â€Å"Go Green â€Å" concept and use recycled products from other sources. Also there are small companies who collect waste materials such as paper, glass, plastics and metals , but are taken to India for recycling. The products are then distributed from India only. Growth Potential The potential for the growth of the recycling industry is very high and flexible. With the availability of waste materials as input, the industry can grow soon and the products as well can be sold easily as the nation is also moving towards â€Å"Go Green † concept. As products such as fertilizers are becoming very very expensive, the compost produced from the industry can be of a great use viz price and quality. As chemical fertilizers are also continuous depleting the soil quality, the organic fertilizer or compost can help the farmers into their productivity. So there is a great potential for growth. Also with the growing number of other industry such as plastic, glass(esp. bottlers companies, brewery and distillery ), metal industries, the availability of raw materials can reduce their operation cost and provide the people of Nepal with cheaper products and also help the economy of the country by exporting recycled products because the whole world is using recycled products. Nepal Recycling Company History Nepal Recycling Company was established in 2012 AD . Its aim is to help the country in rising the economy as well as the management of waste materials. It recycles waste materials and helps manage the wastes and puts the country to a cleaner environment. While producing recycled products, it can help boom country’s manufacturing industries roviding products in the form of raw matireials or finished goods. Scope of business There is a big scope of this business to bloom. The products for the company for now compost and recycled papers have a easily reachable market. It would take some years to capture the market for both the compost and the paper industry. Compost can be packed as a branded fertilizer and papers can be manufactured as high quality materials and sold in the same brand. The compost is readily required for every farmers so there is a huge probability for it to flourish in the market. While paper products markets can be made to the same organization from where the waste papers were brought from. Current state and growth The company so far is in its growth stage. It is trying to capture the market share providing the highest quality compost in the country. There is a scope for the company to grow to earn huge amount of profits and also establish itself as a brand product and also mark up as an international quality product. |Due to the growing concept of organic products, there is a huge amount of market sustainability . Profitability The company currently is operating at low profitability rate . Its capital has been gained from government funds and other donors. So, the main scope right now of the company is social awareness and to capture the market. However the company will focus on increasing the profitability within the next 4 years. Competenece in various areas Strengths Starting a business in the recycling industry proves to be a profitable business because the potentials still remain untapped and it is an evergreen niche. recycling itself is a broad niche and making substantial profits from a recycling business in a country like Nepal where waste management is a impossible thing. We have plenty of waste materials that can be used as input for our plants. The human sludge which at present is dumped directly into the rivers can be directed directly to our recycling plants. We can also charge money from the home consumers for taking in their organic wastes. The recycling business will prove profitable because there is a high demand for recycled products from manufacturing companies; who are looking to drive down production costs, since using recycled packaging materials is cheaper than acquiring new ones. Challenges * It is capital intensive – but can be started on a small scale. * High cost of recycling equipments and machines. * It takes massive amount of effort to gather waste local sites and other places. However, you can choose to outsource this process while concentrating on your core competence; which is recycling. SWOT Analysis Strengths| Weakness| 1. Low price2. Environment Friendly3. Low resource consumption4. Less garbage in the society| 1. Unavailability of Machinery2. Lack of Human expertise in recycling 3. People may not accept this product if we do not rightly market it. 4. lack of markets for collected materials5. lack of funding for recycling6. poor participation by residents in material collection. Opportunities| Threats| 1. Employment Opportunities2. Demand Supply Gap, creates a room for our business3. Purchasing power of the people will be increased so they will favour our products. | 1. Firms may react on this establishmentand may negatively affect ourprofitability and sustainability| Potential Marketing Problems The country has 90% of the population making up a living on agriculture. With increased demand and competition, people have started using their productivity using chemical fertilizers. Educating people on the use of organic fertilizers such as compost on the current scenario can be difficult. With people wanting more productivity, it can be a hefty task to make the people swift over to composts. With people into traditional farming, they have their own methods of organic composts and which is free of costs to them. Making them buy the same feature products with a price will take a heavy amount of risks. As well, the government is providing chemical fertilizers at very subsidized rate . The government itself can resist the sale of our product . How to cite Marketing Plan for Compost in Nepal, Papers

Thomas Jefferson Essays - Thomas Jefferson, , Term Papers

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson is remembered in history not only for the offices he held, but also for his belief in the natural rights of man as expressed in the Declaration of Independence and his faith in the people's ability to govern themselves. He left an impact on his times equaled by few others in American history. Born on April 13, 1743, Jefferson was the third child in the family and grew up with six sisters and one brother. Though he opposed slavery, his family had owned slaves. From his father and his environment he developed an interest in botany, geology, cartography, and North American exploration, and from his childhood teacher developed a love for Greek and Latin. In 1760, at the age of 16, Jefferson entered the College of William and Mary and studied under William Small and George Wythe. Through Small, he got his first views of the expansion of science and of the system of things in which we are placed. Through Small and Wythe, Jefferson became acquainted with Governor Francis Fauquier. After finishing college in 1762, Jefferson studied law with Wythe and noticed growing tension between America and Great Britain. Jefferson was admitted to the bar in 1767. He successfully practiced law until public service occupied most of his time. At his home in Shadwell, he designed and supervised the building of his home, Monticello, on a nearby hill. He was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1769. Jefferson met Martha Wayles Skelton, a wealthy widow of 23, in 1770 and married her in 1772. They settled in Monticello and had one son and five daughters. Only two of his children, Martha and Mary, survived until maturity. Mrs. Martha Jefferson died in 1782, leaving Thomas to take care of his two remaining children. Though not very articulate, Jefferson proved to be an able writer of laws and resolutions he was very concise and straight to the point. Jefferson soon became a member in a group which opposed and took action in the disputes between Britain and the colonies. Together with other patriots, the group met in the Apollo Room of Williamsburg's famous Raleigh Tavern in 1769 and formed a nonimportation agreement against Britain, vowing not to pay import duties imposed by the Townshend Acts. After a period of calmness, problems faced the colonists again, forcing Jefferson to organize another nonimportation agreement and calling the colonies together to protest. He was chosen to represent Albermarle County at the First Virginia Convention, where delegates were elected to the First Continental Congress. He became ill and was unable to attend the meeting, but forwarded a message arguing that the British Parliament had no control over the colonies. He also mentioned the Saxons who had settled in England hundred of years before from Germany and how Parliament had no more right to govern the colonies than the Germans had to govern the English. Most Virginians saw this as too extreme, though. His views were printed in a pamphlet called A Summary of the Rights of British America (1774). Jefferson attended the Second Virginia Convention in 1775 and was chosen as one of the delegates to the Second Continental Congress, but before he left for Philadelphia, he was asked by the Virginia Assembly to reply to Lord North's message of peace, proposing that Parliament would not try to tax the settlers if they would tax themselves. Jefferson's "Reply to Lord North" was more moderate that the Summary View. Instead of agreeing with Lord North, Jefferson insisted that a government had been set up for the Americans and not for the British. The Declaration of Independence was primarily written by Jefferson in June 1776. Congress felt that the Declaration was too strong and gave Dickinson the responsibility of redrafting the document, but the new version included much of Jefferson's original text and ideas. In 1779, Jefferson became governor of Virginia, guiding Virginians through the final years of the Revolutionary War. As a member of the Second Continental Congress, he drafted a plan for decimal coinage and composed an ordinance for the Northwest Territory that formed the foundation for the Ordinance of 1787. In 1785, he became minister to France. Appointed secretary

Free Essays on Huck And Holden Comparison

Throughout The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain and Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Huck and Holden go through a series of events from which they are able to learn and grow from. They are able to develop opinions that they did not hold at the beginning of the novels but that they have formed from their travels, and both Huck and Holden are changed by the end of each novel. Although both Huck and Holden’s growth is addressed in the endings, both novels fail to provide a definite future for them. During their journeys, the reader wonders what is going to happen to Huck and Holden once this series of adventures is over and what their outlooks are. The reader is left uncertain of their future when different paths are presented from which the characters have to choose. In Huck Finn and Catcher in the Rye, the authors bring the main characters back to where they begun which makes their growth from their journeys more evident. At the end of Huck Finn, Aunt Sally is planning to ‘sivilize’ Huck, but Huck has already been ‘sivilized’ once and from his journey down the Mississippi he has viewed the ways of society and has rejected them. At the beginning of the novel, Huck holds conflicting beliefs and is not sure whether he should follow society and its rules. By the end, he has decided from his travels that he has to form his own opinions and make his own decisions because society is not all that many believe it to be. In Catcher in the Rye, Holden holds a cynical view of society and the people in it, but in the end, Holden acknowledges his cynical view by revealing that he is under the care of a psychoanalyst and then says, â€Å"Don’t ever tell anybody anything. If you do, you start missing everybody† (Catcher 214). Holden has begun to accept the people in society that he criticized throughout the novel and accepted the fact that he cannot protect children from entering the adult world. This shows that from the var... Free Essays on Huck And Holden Comparison Free Essays on Huck And Holden Comparison Throughout The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain and Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Huck and Holden go through a series of events from which they are able to learn and grow from. They are able to develop opinions that they did not hold at the beginning of the novels but that they have formed from their travels, and both Huck and Holden are changed by the end of each novel. Although both Huck and Holden’s growth is addressed in the endings, both novels fail to provide a definite future for them. During their journeys, the reader wonders what is going to happen to Huck and Holden once this series of adventures is over and what their outlooks are. The reader is left uncertain of their future when different paths are presented from which the characters have to choose. In Huck Finn and Catcher in the Rye, the authors bring the main characters back to where they begun which makes their growth from their journeys more evident. At the end of Huck Finn, Aunt Sally is planning to ‘sivilize’ Huck, but Huck has already been ‘sivilized’ once and from his journey down the Mississippi he has viewed the ways of society and has rejected them. At the beginning of the novel, Huck holds conflicting beliefs and is not sure whether he should follow society and its rules. By the end, he has decided from his travels that he has to form his own opinions and make his own decisions because society is not all that many believe it to be. In Catcher in the Rye, Holden holds a cynical view of society and the people in it, but in the end, Holden acknowledges his cynical view by revealing that he is under the care of a psychoanalyst and then says, â€Å"Don’t ever tell anybody anything. If you do, you start missing everybody† (Catcher 214). Holden has begun to accept the people in society that he criticized throughout the novel and accepted the fact that he cannot protect children from entering the adult world. This shows that from the var...

MBA Waitlist Strategies for Business School Applicants

MBA Waitlist Strategies for Business School Applicants When people apply to business school, they expect an acceptance letter or a rejection. What they dont expect is to be put on an MBA waitlist. But it happens. Being put on the waitlist is not a yes or a no. Its a maybe. What to Do If Youre Put on the Waitlist If youve been put on a waitlist, the first thing you should do is congratulate yourself. The fact that you did not get a rejection means that the school thinks you are a candidate for their MBA program. In other words, they like you. The second thing you should do is reflect on why you did not get accepted. In most cases, there is a particular reason why. It is often related to lack of work experience, a poor or lower than average GMAT score, or another weakness in your application. Once you know why youre waitlisted, you need to do something about it other than wait around. If youre serious about getting into business school, its important to take action to increase your chances of getting accepted. In this article, well explore a few key strategies that might get you off the MBA waitlist. Keep in mind that not every strategy presented here will be right for every applicant. The appropriate response will depend on your individual situation. Follow Instructions You will be notified if you are put on an MBA waitlist. This notification usually includes instructions on how you can respond to being waitlisted. For example, some schools will specifically state that you should NOT contact them to find out why you have been waitlisted. If you are told not to contact the school, do NOT contact the school. Doing so will only hurt your chances. If you are allowed to contact the school for feedback, it is important to do so. The admissions rep may be able to tell you exactly what you can do to get off the waitlist or strengthen your application. Some business schools will allow you to submit additional materials to supplement your application. For example, you may be able to submit an update letter on your work experience, a new recommendation letter, or a revised personal statement. However, other schools may ask you to avoid sending in anything extra. Again, it is important to follow instructions. Do not do anything that the school specifically asked you not to do.   Ã‚   Retake the GMAT The accepted applicants at many business schools commonly have GMAT scores that fall within a particular range. Check the schools website to see the average range for the most recently accepted class. If you fall beneath that range, you should retake the GMAT and submit your new score to the admissions office. Retake the TOEFL If you’re an applicant who speaks English as a second language, it is important that you demonstrate your ability to read, write, and speak English at the graduate level. If necessary, you may need to retake the TOEFL to improve your score. Be sure to submit your new score to the admissions office. Update the Admissions Committee If there is anything that you can tell the admissions committee that will add value to your candidacy, you should do it through an update letter or personal statement. For example, if you recently changed jobs, received a promotion, won an important award, enrolled or completed additional classes in math or business, or accomplished an important goal, you should let the admissions office know. Submit Another Recommendation Letter A well-written recommendation letter may help you to address a weakness in your application. For example, your application may not make it obvious that you have leadership potential or experience. A letter that addresses this perceived shortcoming could help the admissions committee learn more about you. Schedule an Interview Although most applicants are waitlisted because of a weakness in their application, there are other reasons why it can happen. For example, the admissions committee might feel like they just dont know you or they aren’t sure what you can bring to the program. This problem could be remedied with a face-to-face interview. If you are allowed to schedule an interview with alumni or someone on the admissions committee, you should do so as soon as possible. Prepare for the interview, ask smart questions about the school, and do what you can to explain weaknesses in your application and communicate what you can bring to the program.

Network (LAN) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Network (LAN) - Research Paper Example On this regard, this paper focuses on the development of a secure Local Area Network via an account of a manufacturing company located in Kuwait. It is essential to clarify that the Information Systems group for the company is composed of a significant number of high quality professionals. These professionals are expected to play a very important role in coming up with the most secure IT infrastructure system within the organization. They include the Chief Information Officer, Chief Technology Officer, and the Chief Security Officer (Schneier, 2004). The roles of each of the aforementioned group members are as stipulated below. The Chief Technology Officer is in charge of overseeing the current technology applied in the company. He is also responsible for the creation of the relevant policies used in the day-to-day implementation of the current technology. The Chief Information Officer is responsible for the Information Technology along with the computer systems that support the enterprise goals of the company. Finally yet importantly, the Chief Security Officer is responsible for ensuring maximal security to the company’s communication and business systems. This is to protect the company from any unauthorized data access by an intruder In order to provide maximal security in the company’s IT infrastructure, a well-designed network diagram has hereby been integrated into the report. The aim of the diagram is to ascertain that there is a bird’s eye view of how the organization is expected to benefit from the adoption of integrated network communication system (Schneier, 2004). As indicated in the diagram below, a significant number of networking and computer devices have been provided for the day-to-day operations of the company’s IT Infrastructure. These devices include a gateway router, a wireless router switches, networking cables, printers, personal computers, a face recognition

SPIRITUAL ARCHITECTURE IN RONCHAMP AND LA TOURRETTE Essay

SPIRITUAL ARCHITECTURE IN RONCHAMP AND LA TOURRETTE - Essay Example The other is the Sainte Marie de La Tourette, a Convent for teachers and students at Lyon, France hereafter called La Tourette. While the structures of Le Corbusiner can be analysed from different perspectives, this essay will discuss the techniques in form and material that were used for the two structures to achieve spiritual architecture. 1. Analysis of Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp Constructed in 1955, the Ronchamp structure follows the 'Expressionist Modern' modern style. The structure is built using concrete, glass and wood. The story behind the structure is that the original 4th church was destroyed in WW II. It is important to know that the church was a reformist church. This means that the clergy and the priests who managed and preached at the church wanted a modern structure. The wanted the spirit of the church to clear the decadent past when the structure was full of ornamental embellishments with stained glass, spires and other gothic features. Le Corbusier had to build a church that reflects modern art and modern architecture with spatial purity. However, Corbusier, in keeping with his own style wanted to focus on increasing available space1. The spirituality of the architecture can be seen in the the style he adopted for the interiors He used the illusion of increased space by using curves and interplaying light with shadows so that the depth of the room seemed to be more than it really was. The materials he has used extensively are concrete, stone, glass and wood to a small extent. The windows are arranged in sporadic pattern and in the form of puncturing apertures on the wall. This helps to amplify the light emerging from the chapel since the windows are tapered in the well cavity. Each wall is illuminated by the window frames that differ in light. The space behind the altar is thus given a speckled pattern like a star filled night with sparse openings. These openings are placed along with larger apertures above the cross. A flood of light is emi tted that falls on the cross creating a transformative experience for the visitor. This gives the spiritual architecture where the light of god is brought into the chapel2. 1.1. Analysis of form of Ronchamp The church has a simple design and it has two entrances. The main pulpit has a main altar and three chapels placed under the towers. Concrete is used in abundance in the structure and the use of steel reinforcement allowed Corbusier to create an upturned and curving roof that is supported by slender columns placed in the walls. The appearance of the roof is like a sail that is blowing on the windy currents of a stormy sea. This point is emphasised by the junction where the left and right walls converge and the shape seems like the curved hull of a ship. Le Corbusier has strived to bring the spiritual perspective of the reformist church into the structure. The new church is seen as the ship of the God that sails the stormy seas and carries its flock to salvation and safety. In the inside areas, space is created between the roofs and the walls. This has a number of clerestory windows with asymmetric light that falls from the openings in the wall. This helps to bring into sharp notice about the sacred role of the church and helps to create the relation between the building and the surroundings. By using concrete effectively to create recessed windows, a soft and indirect lighting emerges. This reflects off from the white walls of the church. The small windows ensure that minimum lighting falls on the congregation areas even in day light. During night, small lights behind the windows help to create a diffused lighting inside the prayer and sermon area. Corbusier did not want

Effects of Music on Human Behaviour

Effects of Music on Human Behaviour Zahira Amir Ali Khalfan ABSTRACT This paper explores the relationship between music and human behavior and its role in treating the mentally ill patients for healthy recovery. Being a student nurse the topic is very significant for my learning. The paper is a part of my Behavioral Psychology Course at the Aga Khan University School of Nursing and Midwifery (AKU-SONAM), Karachi, Pakistan. The paper will begin with brief description about relationship between music and human behavior, its importance, bio-psycho-social perspectives and types of music in the light of literature reviewed. In the end, the paper will be summarized and will propose music therapy as a significant strategy in psychiatric recovery. Key words: music, human behavior, music therapy INRODUCTION While observing the Creation of Universe and the evolution of human beings, music is basic, which is reflected in the chirping of birds, giggling of babies and lullaby of mothers or love of fathers. These emotions are predominantly expressed in the common language called music. Music is everywhere, far and wide and it is not just contemplation but is a reality. Today in the world of enchantment, it is the means of entertainment (Parrott, 2009). Thus music has directly or indirectly influenced every human being in shaping his/her behavior. BODY Every person in this universe lives due to Almighty’s creativity and thereby religions are formed to praise Him. The impact of music on religions is boundless. Parrott (2009) while seconding Bhakthi Sankeertan in his book ‘Healing through Music’ says, â€Å"From ancient times, music is something that has put people in touch with their innermost feelings. Different kinds of music work upon different emotions of an individual and release the various incomplete emotions leading towards a total healing of body and mind†. Parrott (2009) cited Steven Fischbacker who writes in his paper â€Å"Music and Spirituality† that music helps to retrieve memories when you see an object which you had associated to form a memory. Cooling (1996) suggests three ‘E’ words viz. explore, engage and express which connects music with spirit. Music is played in festivals to express worship. In Judaism â€Å"Music is the pulse of Jewish spirituality – song charts the biorhythms of the Jewish Soul.† (Chief Rabbi Sir Jonathan Sacks cited in Cooling, 1996). In Christianity music unites people and everyone recites holy songs as being one. In Islam it is a harmony of life. It is inspired by the recitation of Holy Quran and Devotional Literature in Sufism in Islam. In Hinduism, music is considered as the tune and rhythm of the Lord (Parrot, 2009). Music on the one hand is a union of sound and lyrics. (Trappe, 2012). On the other hand it is an approach towards physical mental and social aspects of a human behavior which reflects throughout his life (Kagan, 2013). When a piece of music is composed by a human, it somehow or other, sways one’s behavior which ultimately gives rise to personality development. Pursuant to Music theory, (Leibniz, 1712) a person who is able to play an instrument according to its learnt elements has truly understood the music, but the limitation to this theory is that, it does not explain what a brain perceives and how a person acts over it. Another explanation is that, music is subjective. You cannot tell the meaning of the word â€Å"music†, rather than that you simply play it and make others understand the essence of it. Some say that music is poetic (Leibniz 1712). According to scientific analysis, music is a way to socialize with others, to recreate sexual desires, to form a language and a way of communication for antenatal mothers with their babies. The most common view is that music is an effect of sound created by humans which rejuvenates the environment. (Dorrell, 2006). Psycho musicologist Aristoxenus cited in Butler (1982) says that music is a human effort formed according to one’s sensory abilities and its disclosure should be worthw hile. According to Pavlovian classical conditioning in Vedantam, 2007, when unconditioned stimuli e.g. any work that we perform, combines with conditioned stimuli like music, the conditioned response that we obtain is the desired behavior i.e. whenever we listen to that music we start performing our work. (Vedantam, 2007). Music has a great importance on all accounts of human life including health. Music motivates to have greater self-reliance, confidence; help to form belongings and work in collaboration with others e.g. group of people giving efforts in an orchestra to make it an achievement. (Henley, 2011) Music is a key to understand emotions and feelings. We start understanding the meaning of lyrics when we turn into a teenager which creates an enormous impact on our future. (Vedantam, 2007). A study was done related to lyrical music influencing individual’s mood and helping behaviors. People with prosocial lyrics had positive whereas people with antisocial lyrics had negative behaviors. No convincing statistics were found for helping behaviors but it does not mean that music can’t generate willingness to help. (Ganser et al, 2010). Value of music in academic point of view is astonishing. It is the best way of communication by which children improve their social skills and learning and bring up their self esteem on a higher level. According to a research done by Henley (2012), it was reported that music enhances the reading skills to improve vocabulary. It also helps in solving mathematical problems and improves one’s IQ. It makes a child more imaginative and creative. It is not just for the sake of entertainment rather, it gives an opportunity to pursue it as a profession. For some students it helps to excess in their academics whereas on the contrary it’s a great distraction. (Fatima, 2013). If we look towards the physical, mental and social aspects of a human being throughout his/her journey of existence for development and growth, effect of music is very far reaching. Music lowers blood pressure and improves heart rate variability to reduce stress, depression, anxiety, muscle tension, pain and sudden infant death (Trappe, 2012). A brief pause between two musical notes stimulates neural activity which sharpens cognition and memory and strong beats brings alertness when these beats synchronize with action potential. (Fatima, 2013).It decreases pre-surgery anxiety to the same extent as medications do. Association towards music changes with different stages of life. The most enjoyed music in adulthood improves mood, motivates for socialization and boosts energy. It has been observed that hearing is the last sense that remains for few seconds even when other body parts cease to work, therefore, music is a beautiful source of rejoice for chronically ill or dying patients in their end times (Trappe, 2012). It is also presumed that music runs in families; most of the time it is inherited, but it can be learned as well. (Henley, 2012). There are manifold types of music that precipitates behavior. Classical music is the most beneficial in treating patients with variant diseases. Popular music increases motivation and mood. Meditative music is for spiritual upliftment and relaxation. Hip hop and rap music is less effective than Jazz music which is more pleasing to human senses. Latin-American music heightens positive mood, motivation and keeps active. Folk music adds to augment intelligence, protection and confidence. (Trappe, 2012). Sad music is the root of expression in depressed patients. (Bodner at el, 2007). During my clinical rotation in one of the Psychiatric and Rehabilitation centers in Karachi, I, along with my other colleagues, arranged a musical therapy for patients with mental illness. In collaboration with the patients, they played different instruments and sang songs of their interests. Most of the patients sung depressed and displeasing songs as they were away from their homes. In consequence we concluded that music impacted their interaction, expression of feelings and helped us understand patient’s intrapsyche with the type of song they select to sing. Accordingly we concluded to select that strategy which could help them to recover fast. Looking towards the historical background of music therapy, ÇamsarÄ ±, (2009) seconds Tyson (1981) that after World War II, musicians went to the military hospitals to apply music as a therapy and this lead to the foundation of music as a profession. One of the expressive therapies is music therapy that intends to show free extemporization for a therapeutic change in patients through patient-therapist interactions. It is a technique of ‘self-projection and free association’ to have connection with emotional memories (Erkkilà ¤ et al, 2011).It aids to achieve individual ambitions in assistance with a licensed professional. (American Music Therapy association, 2007). It is a nonverbal and verbal processing along with physical act (e.g. playing instruments) for expressing feelings by provoking unconscious psyche of an individual. (Erkkilà ¤ et al, 2011 Malchiodi 2005). The essential of musical session includes composing, playing musical instruments and enjoying it fully (Fatima, 2013). It brings an insight in psychopathologies. (Erkkilà ¤ et al, 2011). Research confirms that it treats Parkinson’s disease by improving motor skills and emotional issues (Trappe, 2012). It reduces stress hormone (cortisol) in dep ressed adolescence. (Field at el, 1998). Similarly schizophrenic symptoms also improve after 10 therapy sessions for short term whereas long term effect should be further researched. (Gold, 2007, Pavlicevic et al, 1994 You et al, 2002). Music has remarkably reduced patients’ negative thoughts and reduced isolation. It has no side effects and less expensive therefore should be extensively used. (Tang at el, 1994 Ulrich, 2007).Group music therapy transmutes annoyances and anger into inventiveness and enables self-expressions. (Montello at el, 1998). It helps in treating physical handicaps and drug abuse (Fatima, 2013). ÇamsarÄ ± (2009) seconds Gold et al 2009 that music improves communication in Autism. Types of music therapies which help to modify human behavior include Background Music Therapy, Contemplative Music Therapy, Combined Music Therapy, Executive Music Therapy, Executive Iatromusic Therapy, and Creative Music Therapy. (ÇamsarÄ ±, 2009). According to Fatima (2013), clinical Psychologist Qudsia Mehmood states that Pakistani population lacks the awareness about the significance of music therapy. Fatima (2013) cited Mr. Sohail Khan as he had established Music therapy center in Karachi, Pakistan and has widely worked on â€Å"The Prism Project, A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Music in Education† .He states that he is the first music therapist in Pakistan and his goal is to establish such institutions where he can train psychologists related to how effectively they can use music therapy for the betterment of Pakistani society. (Fatima, 2013). It is unpredictable to assume that the music chosen by the therapist is pleasing to the patient or not. Malchiodi (2005) seconds Feder (1998) that music therapy is given after assessing individual preferences and past experiences as, right type of music can alleviate and wrong type of music can aggravate the symptoms. Also, to take an account of music therapy into regular therapy programs for rapid recovery (ÇamsarÄ ±, 2009). A role of therapist is to use music with reflective exercise. (Erkkilà ¤ et al, 2011). CONCLUSION The field of music is indispensable yet unexplored in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. Music has a therapeutic power to heal many chronic patients, including those suffering from mental illness. My experience working with these patients at the Psychiatric and Rehabilitation Center, Karachi, states that there is a very close relationship of music with human behavior. There is a need to introduce music in nursing education, to enhance understanding of these professional care takers to help patients improve positive behavior. Also there is a need to include it as foremost priority in other educational institutions in our country, from the time of early childhood development till the education continues, because the behavior formed in the early childhood is crucial for future adult life. REFERENCES Hans-Joachim Trappe, H.J.T., (2012). Music and medicine: The effects of music on the human being. Applied Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiology. 16, pp.133-142 Philip Dorrell. (30th April 2006). What is music? Retrieved from http://whatismusic.info/articles/TheQuestionWhatIsMusic.html Irving A. Taylor and Frances Paperte, (Dec., 1958). Current Theory and Research in the Effects of Music on Human Behavior. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. Vol. 17, No. 2, pp.251-258 Published by: Wiley Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/427527 Jaakko Erkkilà ¤, J.K., Marko Punkanen, M.P., Jà ¶rg Fachner, J.F., Esa Ala-Ruona, E.A.R., Inga Pà ¶ntià ¶, I.P., Mari Tervaniemi, M.T., Mauno Vanhala M.V., Christian Gold C.G., (2011). Individual music therapy for depression: randomized controlled trial. The British journal of Psychiatry. 199, pp.132-139 Gold, C , (2007). Music therapy improves symptoms in adults hospitalized with schizophrenia. Evidence-Based Mental Health. . 10 (3), pp.77 Gold, C., Heldal, T. O., Dahle, T., Wigram, T., (2005). Music therapy for schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like illnesses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,. 3 Pavlicevic, M., Trevarthen, C., Duncan, J. (1994). Improvisational music therapy and the rehabilitation of persons suffering from chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Music Therapy, 31(2), 86–104. Silverman, M. J, (2003). The influence of music on the symptoms of psychosis: A meta-analysis. Journal of Music Therapy. 40 (1), pp.27-40 Tang, W., Yao, X., Zheng, Z., (1994). ). Rehabilitative effect of music therapy for residual schizophrenia: A one-month randomized controlled trial in Shanghai. . British Journal of Psychiatry. 165 (24), pp.38-44 Thaut, M. H, (1989). The influence of music therapy interventions on self-rated changes in relaxation, affect, and thought in psychiatric prisoner-patients. Journal of Music Therapy. (26), pp.155-166 Ulrich, G., Houtmans, T., Gold C. , (2007). The additional therapeutic effect of group music therapy for schizophrenic patients: a randomized study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 166 (5) You, Z. Y., Wang, J. Z, (2002). Meta-analysis of assisted music therapy for chronic schizophrenia. of Evidence-Based Medicine, Shandong University China. 24 (6), pp.564–567 Field, T., Martinez, A., Nawrocki, T., Pickens, J., Fox, N. A., Schanberg, S. , (1998). Music shifts frontal EEG in depressed adolescents. Adolescence. 33 (129), pp.109–116. Montello, L. M., Coons, E. E., (1998). Effect of active versus passive group music therapy on preadolescents with emotional, learning, and behavioral disorders. Journal of Music Therapy. 35, pp.49-67 Bodner, E., Iancu, J., Gilboa, A., Sarel, A., Mazor, A., Amir, D., (2007). Finding words for emotions: The reactions of patients with major depressive disorder towards various musical excerpts. Arts in Psychotherapy. 34 (2) Leardi, S., Pietroletti, R., Angeloni, G., Necozione, S., Ranalletta, G., Del Gusto B. , (2007). Randomized clinical trial examining the effect of music therapy in stress response to day surgery. British Journal of Surgery. 94 (8) Pellitier, C. L. (2004). The effect of music on decreasing arousal due to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Music Therapy, 42, 192-214. Silverman, M.J., (2006). Psychiatric patients perception of music therapy and other psycho educational programming. Journal of Music Therapy. 43 (2) Weber, S. (1996). The effects of relaxation exercises on anxiety levels in psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 14(3), 196–205. Darren Henley, D.H., (2012). The importance of music: A national plan for music education. 1st ed. England. Cathy. A. Malchiodi, C.A.M., (2005). History, Theory, and Practice. In: Cathy A. Malchiodi (Ed), Expressive Therapies. 1st Ed. New York: Guilford Publications. Pp.1-15. David Butler, D.B., (01 October 1982). Music Theory, Theories of Music, and Systematic Musicology. Journal of the collage music society. 22, pp.1-15, Retrieved from: http://symposium.music.org/index.php?option=com_k2view=itemid=1933:music-theory-theories-of-music-and-systematic-musicologyItemid=124 Bushra Fatima, B.F., 1st December, 2013. Health Music Therapy – What is it and How to get it in? Blush, retrieved from: http://blush.com.pk/music-therapy-in-pakistan Dr. UlaÃ…Å ¸ M. ÇamsarÄ ±, U.M.C., (17 June, 2009). Music therapy in psychiatry. Department of psychiatry, Cleveland clinic. Jerome Kagan, J.K., (3rd July 2013). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/275332/human-behaviour Shankar Vedantam, S.V. (January 22, 2007). Science: Music, Memory and Human Behavior. Retrieved from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2007/01/18/DI2007011801190.html Christina m. Trahin, C.M.T. Dr. Marilyn ryan-advisor, M.R.A., (December 2011). Effects of group music therapy on psychiatric patients: Depression, anxiety and relationships, pp.1-55 Ruth Parrott, R.P., (July 2009). The Importance of Music in Different Religions, pp.1-81 Jaden Ganser, J.G. Fareen Huda, F.H., (2010). Music’s Effect on Mood and Helping Behavior. Journal of Undergraduate Research, 13, pp.1-5 1 | Page

Pmo Project Management Office

A Project Management Office (PMO) is a group or department within a business, agency or enterprise that defines and maintains standards for project management within the organization. The PMO strives to standardize and introduce economies of repetition in the execution of projects. The PMO is the source of documentation, guidance and metrics on the practice of project management and execution.In some organisations this is known as the Program Management Office (sometimes abbreviated to PgMO to differentiate); the subtle difference is that program management relates to governing the management of several related projects. Traditional PMOs base project management principles on industry-standard methodologies such as PMBOK or PRINCE2. Increasingly influential industry certification programs such as ISO9000 and the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) as well as government regulatory requirements such as Sarbanes-Oxley have propelled organizations to standardize processes[cita tion needed].Organizations around the globe are defining, borrowing and collecting best practices in process and project management and are increasingly assigning the PMO to exert overall influence and evolution of thought to continual organizational improvement[citation needed]. According to the Standish CHAOS Report (2009)[citation needed], 68% of projects do not meet time/cost/scope targets. Only 32% of projects were completed on time, within budget and delivered measurable business and stakeholder benefits. There are many reasons for such failures. As per a KPMG survey[citation needed] of 252 organizations, technology is not the most critical factor.Inadequate project management implementation constitutes 32% of project failures, lack of communication constitutes 20% and unfamiliarity with scope and complexity constitutes 17%. Accordingly 69% of project failures are due to lack and/or improper implementation of project management methodologies. Establishing a PMO group is not a short term strategy to lower costs. [1] Surveys with companies indicates that the longer they have an operating PMO group the better the results achieved to accomplish project goals (which might lead to lowering costs)[citation needed].PMOs may take other functions beyond standards and methodology, and participate in Strategic Project Management either as facilitator or actively as owner of the Portfolio Management process. Tasks may include Monitoring and Reporting on active projects (following up project until completion), and reporting progress to top management for strategic decisions on what projects to continue or cancel. A PMO can be one of three types from an organizational exposure perspective: enterprise PMO, organizational (departmental) PMO, or special–purpose PMO.The Project Management Institute (PMI) Program Management Office Community of Practice (CoP), views the PMO as a strategic driver for organizational excellence and seeks to enhance the practices of execu tion management, organizational governance, and strategic change leadership[citation needed]. As the largest community devoted to the PMO, with over 4,000 members globally, the PMO CoP is the central forum to collaborate, expand the knowledge base, and mature the PMO practice within their own organizations and the business community at large.

The Current Uk Energy Market Supply - 1788 Words

Introduction Energy as gas or electricity constitutes a huge part of the current market supply, which have a strong impact not just in the environment but also in the economy as a whole. According to Allen, Hammond and McManus (2007) as energy worldwide demand is growing, the scarcity for resources grows too, which is threatening not only energy security but also energy costs. OFGEM ´s (2014) report ´s, analyses the gaps and adquisitions of the energy market supply in Great Britain, where they found that the energy service supplied is dominated by six main firms, which have been facing strong problems with consumers decreased trust, higher costs, wider barriers to entry, evidence of a possible tactic coordination and lack and weak†¦show more content†¦According to Office of National Statistics (Gov.2014), the variance of inflation during these years reached approximately 9%, which means that gas prices increased approximately three times versus inflation, and electricity prices 1.7 times as well in these same period. Considering that gas and electricity use are priority, consumers are being affected in their family budget and disposable income, by this price increase. High prices on the marketplace are due to the fact that very few firms are capable of controlling them. According to ONS in Figure #2 (appendix), extracting from the industry market concentration measurement versus the number of control firms, we can conclude that in years 2005-2009 there was not a significant change, instead in years 2010-2013 the indicator evidences a high energy concentration in the market, which matches the high price increase in energy of approximately 40%. The higher the value of the index ( energy concentration), we will find fewer control firms in the industry, thus creating a high intense concentration, which means that as the number of control firms disappear, power will start to concentrate in the remaining firms that have high interests in obtaining profits and position prices above inflation. Figure #4 (appendix) shows that high profits of these firms come from the domestic supply between

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